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The Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era (7000 - 1500 BC) was an Archaic cultural period of ancestors to the Ancient Pueblo People. They were distinguished from other Archaic people of the Southwest by their basketry which was used to gather and store food. They became reliant on wild seeds, grasses, nuts and fruit for food and changed their movement patterns and lifestyle by maximizing the edible wild food and small game within a geographical region. Manos and metates began to be used to process seeds and nuts. With the extinction of megafauna, hunters adapted their tools, using spears with smaller projectile points and then atlatl and darts. Simple dwellings made of wood, brush and earth provided shelter. ==Hunter gatherer culture== Holocene climate changes (beginning about 10,000 BC) resulted in warmer and drier weather, a contributing factor in the extinction of megafauna, such as the mastodon and mammoth that were hunted by the preceding Paleo-Indians. Besides climate change, the large animals may have perished due to increased human population and their improved hunting techniques. By 6000 BC two-thirds of all North American animals weighing more than 100 pounds were extinct and the bison antiquus was the only large animal to survive on the Great Plains.〔(''Archaic: 5500 to 500 B.C.- Overview.'' ) Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. 2011. Retrieved 10-18-2011.〕〔Time-Life Book Editors. (1993) () ''The First Americans.'' Alexandria, Virginia: Time-Life Books. pp. 29, 30. ISBN 0-8094-9400-0.〕 About 5000 BC Holocene glacial runoff affected Colorado Plateau storm patterns which resulted in significant soil erosion. Between 2500 and 2000 BC there was significant soil build up. When the climate became too arid to produce sufficient food, people relocated until the rate of precipitation increased. Over time there was an increase in drought-resistant plants and the plants that required regular watering did not survive. Woodlands of spruce and fir were replaced by juniper and pinyon trees in the northern Rio Grande valley. Further south, there were fewer juniper and pinyon trees. Both climatic changes resulted in human movement pattern changes to obtain food.〔Plog, Stephen. (1997) ''Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest.'' London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 48-49. ISBN 0-500-02116-3.〕 The Paleo-Indian had a straightforward movement pattern: follow and hunt the big animals. The Archaic individuals followed a new pattern called "making the seasonal rounds" where they moved to familiar places based upon the growing seasons of plants, their major source of food. In the spring, summer and early fall women harvested seeds, nuts, fruit, grasses, juniper berries and mesquite beans. Any surplus food was stored for later use. Men hunted small game like rabbits using traps and snares. During the fall and winter men hunted deer, big horn sheep, bison and antelope with the atlatl and darts.〔〔Plog, Stephen. (1997) ''Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest.'' London: Thames and Hudson. pp. 46-47. ISBN 0-500-02116-3.〕〔(''Archaic: 5500 to 500 B.C.- Food.'' ) Crow Canyon Archaeological Center. 2011. Retrieved 10-18-2011.〕〔 Although the number of people increased during the Archaic era, they traveled in small groups〔 throughout the arid lowlands of juniper and sage to the moister climate of the pinyon forest about in elevation.〔Pike, Donald G. (1974) ''Anasazi: Ancient People of the Rock''. Palo Alto: American West Publishing Company. p. 17. .〕 Different sets of projectile points were found within a regional geographic area, made from local stone, an indication that Archaic people ranged across shorter expanses of land. Since they more fully utilized diverse plant and game resources within a region, they didn't need to travel as far to find food. The different shaped tools may have been used for people to identify themselves. The bands of people likely socialized with neighboring tribes, rather than people from distant lands.〔Plog, Stephen. (1997) ''Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest.'' London: Thames and Hudson. p. 51. ISBN 0-500-02116-3.〕 Based upon the introduction of cultivation, new dwelling types and artifacts, it is believed that people from southern Arizona moved north and integrated with bands of people in the Colorado Plateau.〔 By the end of the period, some people cultivated food and became less mobile, but agriculture would not be consistently adopted until the 1st century AD in the Early Basketmaker II Era.〔〔(''The Ancient Ones''. ) Frontier in Transition: A History of Southwestern Colorado. Bureau of Land Management. Retrieved 10-16-2011.〕 Excavation of their campsites and rock shelters revealed that the Archaic-Early Basketmaker people made baskets, tools, gathered wild plants, and killed and processed game. Slab-lined storage cists, found both inside and outside of shelters, were used to store food which indicates a change from a totally nomadic lifestyle.〔〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Archaic–Early Basketmaker Era」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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